Native name
Conventional long name	Republic of Ecuador
Common name	Ecuador
Image coat	Coat of arms of Ecuador.svg
National motto	''"Dios, patria y libertad"''''"Pro Deo, Patria et Libertate"''"God, homeland and liberty"
National anthem	''Salve, Oh Patria''''Hail, Oh Homeland''
Official languages	Spanish1
Demonym	EcuadorianEcuadorean
Capital	Quito
Largest city	Guayaquil
Government type	Unitary presidential republic
Leader title1	President
Leader title2	Vice President
Leader name1	Rafael Correa
Leader name2	Lenín Moreno
Area rank	75th
Area magnitude	1 E11
Area km2	272,046 (with Galapagos)
Area sq mi	109,483
Percent water	5
Population estimate	15,007,343
Population estimate rank	65th
Population estimate year	2011
Population census	14,306,876
Population census year	2010
Population density km2	53.8
Population density sq mi	139.4
Population density rank	151st
Gdp ppp	$119.963 billion
Gdp ppp year	2011
Gdp ppp per capita	$8,327
Gdp nominal	$64,831 billion
Gdp nominal year	2011
Gdp nominal per capita	$4,921
Sovereignty type	Independence
Established date1	August 10, 1809
Established event1	declared
Established date2	May 24, 1822
Established event2	from Spain
Established date3	May 13, 1830
Established event3	from Gran Colombia
Established date4	February 16, 1830
Established event4	Recognized by Spain
Gini	▼49
Gini year	2009
Gini category	high
Hdi	0.695
Hdi rank	77th
Hdi year	2010
Hdi category	high
Currency	U.S. dollar2
Currency code	USD
Time zone	ECT, GALT
Utc offset	−5, −6
Drives on	right
Cctld	.ec
Calling code	+593
Footnote1	Quechua and other Amerindian languages spoken by indigenous communities.
Footnote2	Sucre until 2000, followed by the U.S. dollar and Ecuadorian centavo coins }}

Ecuador (), officially the Republic of Ecuador (; , which literally translates to the Republic of the Equator) is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile, that do not have a border with Brazil. The country also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about west of the mainland.

Ecuador straddles the equator, from which it takes its name, and has an area of 272,046 km² (109,483 sq mi). Its capital city is Quito, which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the 1970s for having the best preserved and least altered historic centre in Latin America. The country's largest city is Guayaquil. The historic centre of Cuenca, the third largest city in the country, was also declared a World Heritage Site in 1999, for being an outstanding example of a planned inland Spanish style colonial city in the Americas. Ecuador is also home—despite its size—to a great variety of species, many of them endemic, like those of the Galápagos islands. This species diversity makes Ecuador one of the 17 megadiverse countries in the world. The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, or ecosystem rights.

Ecuador is a presidential republic and became independent in 1830, after having been part of the Spanish colonial empire and the republic of Gran Colombia. It is a medium-income country with an HDI score of 0.695 (2010), and about 35.1% of its population lives below the poverty line.

History

Evidence of human cultures in Ecuador exists from circa 8800 BCE Many civilizations rose throughout Ecuador, such as the Valdivia Culture and Machalilla Culture on the coast, the Quitus (near present day Quito) and the Cañari (near present day Cuenca). Each civilization developed its own distinctive architecture, pottery, and religious interests, although consolidated under a confederation called the Shyris which exercised organized trading and bartering between the different regions and whose political and military power was under the rule of the Duchicela blood line before the Inca invasion. After years of fiery resistance by the Cañaris and other tribes, as demonstrated by the battle of Yahuarcocha (Blood Lake) where thousands of resistance fighters were killed and thrown in the lake, the region fell to the Incan expansion and was assimilated loosely into the Incan empire.

Inca Empire

Through a succession of wars and marriages among the nations that inhabited the valley, the region became part of the Inca Empire in 1463. When the Spanish conquistadors arrived from the north, the Inca Empire was ruled by Huayna Capac, who had two sons: Atahualpa, being in charge of the northern parts of the empire, and Huascar, seated in the Incan capital Cusco. Upon Huayna Capac's death in 1525, the empire was divided in two: Atahualpa received the north, with his capital in Quito; Huascar received the south, with its capital in Cusco. In 1530, Atahualpa defeated his own brother, Huascar, and claimed control over the entire empire. Atahualpa's victory was short-lived as he was soon captured by the Spanish conquistadors in Cajamarca, and later executed for the murder of his brother.

Colonization

Disease decimated the indigenous population during the first decades of Spanish rule — a time when the natives also were forced into the ''encomienda'' labor system for the Spanish. In 1563, Quito became the seat of a real audiencia (administrative district) of Spain and part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, and later the Viceroyalty of New Granada.

After nearly 300 years of Spanish colonization, Quito was still a small city of only 10,000 inhabitants. It was there, on August 10, 1809 (the national holiday), that the first call for independence from Spain was made in Latin America ("Primer Grito de la Independencia"), under the leadership of the city's ''criollos'' like Juan Pío Montúfar, Quiroga, Salinas, and Bishop Cuero y Caicedo. Quito's nickname, "''Luz de América''" ("Light of America"), comes from the fact that it was the first successful attempt to produce an independent and local government, although for no more than two months, that had an important repercussion and inspiration for the emancipation of the rest of Spanish America. Quito is also known as "Carita de Dios" ("The Face of God") for the beauty of its religious colonial art and architecture cloistered in the amazing equatorial Andes landscape.

Independence

On October 9, 1820, Guayaquil became the first city in Ecuador to gain its independence from Spain. On May 24, 1822, the rest of Ecuador gained its independence after Antonio José de Sucre defeated the Spanish Royalist forces at the Battle of Pichincha, near Quito. Following the battle, Ecuador joined Simón Bolívar's Republic of Gran Colombia – joining with modern day Colombia and Venezuela – only to become a republic in 1830.

The 19th century for Ecuador was marked by instability, with a rapid succession of rulers. The first president of Ecuador was the Venezuelan-born Juan José Flores, who was ultimately deposed, followed by many authoritarian leaders such as Vicente Rocafuerte; José Joaquín de Olmedo; José María Urbina; Diego Noboa; Pedro José de Arteta; Manuel de Ascásubi; and Flores's own son, Antonio Flores Jijón, among others. The conservative Gabriel Garcia Moreno unified the country in the 1860s with the support of the Roman Catholic Church. In the late 19th century, world demand for cocoa tied the economy to commodity exports and led to migrations from the highlands to the agricultural frontier on the coast.

Liberal Revolution

The coast-based Liberal Revolution of 1895 under Eloy Alfaro reduced the power of the clergy and the conservative land owners of the highlands, and this liberal wing retained power until the military "Julian Revolution" of 1925. The 1930s and 1940s were marked by instability and emergence of populist politicians, such as five-time President José María Velasco Ibarra.

War with Peru

Control over territory in the Amazon basin led to a long-lasting dispute between Ecuador and Peru. In 1941, amid fast-growing tensions between the two countries, war broke out. Peru claimed that Ecuador's military presence in Peruvian-claimed territory was an invasion; Ecuador, for its part, claimed that Peru had invaded Ecuador. In July 1941, troops were mobilized in both countries. Peru had an army of 11,681 troops who faced a poorly supplied and inadequately armed Ecuadorian force of 2,300, of which only 1,300 were deployed in the southern provinces. Hostilities erupted on July 5, 1941, when Peruvian forces crossed the Zarumilla river at several locations, testing the strength and resolve of the Ecuadorian border troops. Finally, on July 23, 1941, the Peruvians launched a major invasion, crossing the Zarumilla river in force and advancing into the Ecuadorian province of El Oro.

During the course of the war, Peru gained control over part of the disputed territory and some parts of the province of El Oro, and some parts of the province of Loja, demanding that the Ecuadorian government give up its territorial claims. The Peruvian Navy blocked the port of Guayaquil, almost cutting all supplies to the Ecuadorian troops. After a few weeks of war and under pressure by the United States and several Latin American nations, all fighting came to a stop. Ecuador and Peru came to an accord formalized in the Rio Protocol, signed on January 29, 1942, in favor of hemispheric unity against the Axis Powers in World War II favoring Peru with the territory they occupied at the time the war came to an end.

Recession and popular unrest led to a return to populist politics and domestic military interventions in the 1960s, while foreign companies developed oil resources in the Ecuadorian Amazon. In 1972, construction of the Andean pipeline was completed. The pipeline brought oil from the east side of the Andes to the coast, making Ecuador South America's second largest oil exporter. The pipeline in southern Ecuador did nothing, however, to resolve tensions between Ecuador and Peru.

The Rio Protocol failed to precisely resolve the border along a small river in the remote ''Cordillera del Cóndor'' region in southern Ecuador. This caused a long-simmering dispute between Ecuador and Peru, which ultimately led to fighting between the two countries; first a border skirmish in January–February 1981 known as the Paquisha Incident, and ultimately full-scale warfare in January 1995 where the Ecuadorian military shot down Peruvian aircraft and helicopters and Peruvian infantry marched into southern Ecuador. Each country blamed the other for the onset of hostilities, known as the Cenepa War. Sixto Durán Ballén, the Ecuadorian president, famously declared that he would not give up a single centimeter of Ecuador. Popular sentiment in Ecuador became strongly nationalistic against Peru: graffiti could be seen on the walls of Quito referring to Peru as the "''Cain de Latinoamérica''," a reference to the murder of Abel by his brother Cain in the Book of Genesis.

Ecuador and Peru reached a tentative peace agreement in October 1998, which ended hostilities, and the Guarantors of the Rio Protocol ruled that the border of the undelineated zone was set the line of the ''Cordillera del Cóndor''. While Ecuador had to give up its decades-old territorial claims to the eastern slopes of the Cordillera, as well as to the entire western area of Cenepa headwaters, Peru was compelled to give to Ecuador, in perpetual lease but without sovereignty, one square kilometre of its territory, in the area where the Ecuadorian base of Tiwinza — focal point of the war — had been located within Peruvian soil and which the Ecuadorian Army held as their strong hold all the time during the conflict. The final border demarcation came into effect on May 13, 1999.

Military governments (1972–1979)

In 1972, a "revolutionary and nationalist" military junta overthrew the government of Velasco Ibarra. The coup d'état was led by General Guillermo Rodríguez and executed by navy commander Jorge Queirolo G. The new president exiled José María Velasco to Argentina. He remained in power until 1976, when he was removed by another military government. That military junta was led by Admiral Alfredo Poveda, who was declared chairman of the Supreme Council. The Supreme Council included two other members: General Guillermo Durán Arcentales and General Luis Leoro Franco. The civil society more and more insistently called for democratic elections. Colonel Richelieu Levoyer, Government Minister, proposed and implemented a Plan to return to the constitutional system through universal elections. This Plan enabled the new democratically elected president to assume the duties of the executive office.

Return to democracy

Elections were held on April 29, 1979, under a new constitution. Jaime Roldós Aguilera was elected president, garnering over one million votes, the most in Ecuadorian history. He took office on August 10 as the first constitutionally elected president after nearly a decade of civilian and military dictatorships. In 1980, he founded the ''Partido Pueblo, Cambio y Democracia'' (People, Change and Democracy Party) after withdrawing from the ''Concentracion de Fuerzas Populares'' (Popular Forces Concentration) and governed until May 24, 1981, when he died along with his wife and the minister of defense, Marco Subia Martinez, when his Air Force plane crashed in heavy rain near the Peruvian border. Many people believe that he was assassinated, given the multiple death threats leveled against him because of his reformist agenda, deaths in automobile crashes of two key witnesses before they could testify during the investigation and the sometimes contradictory accounts of the incident.

Roldos was immediately succeeded by Vice President Osvaldo Hurtado who was followed in 1984 by León Febres Cordero from the Social Christian Party. Rodrigo Borja Cevallos of the Democratic Left (Izquierda Democrática or ID) party won the presidency in 1988, running in the runoff election against Abdalá Bucaram (brother in law of Jaime Roldos and founder of the Ecuadorian Roldosist Party). His government was committed to improving human rights protection and carried out some reforms, notably an opening of Ecuador to foreign trade. The Borja government concluded an accord leading to the disbanding of the small terrorist group, "¡Alfaro Vive, Carajo!" ("Alfaro Lives, Dammit!") named after Eloy Alfaro. However, continuing economic problems undermined the popularity of the ID, and opposition parties gained control of Congress in 1990.

The emergence of the indigenous population (approximately 25%) as an active constituency has added to the democratic volatility of the country in recent years. The population has been motivated by government failures to deliver on promises of land reform, lower unemployment and provision of social services, and historical exploitation by the land-holding elite. Their movement, along with the continuing destabilizing efforts by both the elite and leftist movements, has led to a deterioration of the executive office. The populace and the other branches of government give the president very little political capital, as illustrated by the most recent removal of President Lucio Gutiérrez from office by Congress in April 2005. Vice President Alfredo Palacio took his place and remained in office until the presidential election of 2006, in which Rafael Correa gained the presidency. On September 30, 2010, in a police revolt, many police officers were killed after a militar intervention in a police hospital. President Rafael Correa alleged that he was taken hostage in the hospital by police officers as part of a series of protests against cuts to the benefits of public service workers that were part of a financial austerity package. What angered police and elements of the army was a law to end the practice of giving medals and bonuses with each promotion. It would also extend from five to seven years the usual period required for promotions. The government called the revolt a coup and declared a one-week state of emergency which put the military in charge of public order and suspended civil liberties. Peru shut its border with Ecuador. Numerous social movements claim that civil rights are been violated by the governement. The President Rafael Correa has filed a criminal complaint against the journalist Emilio Palacio, the directors of the Ecuadorian newspaper El Universo and the journal. He asked for 80 millions of dollars to repair the damage and loss of earnings caused by an opinion article in wich the journalist implied that the president could be judged for the deads of september 30.

Politics

Ecuador is governed by a democratically elected President, for a four year term. The current president of Ecuador, Rafael Correa, exercises his power from the presidential Palacio de Carondelet in Quito. The current constitution was written by the Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly elected in 2007, and was approved by referendum in 2008.

The executive branch includes 25 ministries. Provincial governors and councilors (mayors, aldermen, and parish boards) are directly elected. The National Assembly of Ecuador meets throughout the year except for recesses in July and December. There are thirteen permanent committees. Justices of the National Court are appointed by the Council of Social Participation, for nine year terms.

Ecuador has often placed great emphasis on multilateral approaches to international issues. Ecuador is a member of the United Nations (and most of its specialized agencies) and a member of many regional groups, including the Rio Group, the Latin American Economic System, the Latin American Energy Organization, the Latin American Integration Association, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America, the Andean Community of Nations and the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR).

Administrative divisions

Ecuador is divided into 24 provinces (), each with its own administrative capital:

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	Province	Surface (km²)	Population (2010)	Capital
1	Azuay	8,639	702,893
2		3,254	182,744	Guaranda
3	Cañar	3,908	223,463	Azogues
4	Carchi	3,699	165,659	Tulcan
5		5,287	452,352	Riobamba
6		6,569	406,798	Latacunga
7		5,988	588,546	Machala
8		15,216	520,711
9		8,010	22,770	Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
10		17,139	3,573,003	Guayaquil
11	Imbabura	4,599	400,359
12		11,027	446,743
13		6,254	765,274	Babahoyo
14	Manabi	18,400	1,345,779	Portoviejo
15	Morona Santiago	25,690	147,886
16		13,271	104,047
17		20,773	137,848	Puerto Francisco de Orellana
18		29,520	84,329	Puyo
19		9,494	2,570,201	Quito
20		3,763	301,168
21	Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas	3,857	365,965
22	Sucumbios	18,612	174,522	Nueva Loja
23		3,334	500,775	Ambato
24	Zamora Chinchipe	10,556	91,219

The provinces are divided into cantons, and further subdivided into parishes (''parroquias'').

Military

The Ecuadorian Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas del Ecuador), consisting of the Army, Air Force and Navy, have responsibility for the preservation of the integrity and national sovereignty of the national territory.

The military tradition starts in the Gran Colombia, where a sizeable army was stationed in Ecuador due to border disputes with Peru, which claimed territories under its political control when it was a Spanish vicerroyalty. Once the Gran Colombia was dissolved after the death of Simon Bolivar in 1830, Ecuador inherited the same border disputes and had the need of creating its own professional military force. So influential was the military in Ecuador in the early republican period, that its first decade was under the control of Gral. Juan Jose Flores, first president of Ecuador of Venezuelan origin. The Gral. Jose Ma. Urbina and Gral. Robles are examples of military figures who became president of the country in the early republican period.

Due to the continuous border disputes with Peru, finally settled in the early 2000s, and due to the ongoing problem with the Colombian guerrilla insurgency infiltrating Amazonian provinces, the Ecuadorian Armed Forces has gone through a series of changes as an essential part of the country's existence. In 2009, the new administration at the Defense Ministry launched a deep restructuring within the forces, increasing spending budget to $1,691,776,803, an increase of 25%. (FY08)

The icons of the Ecuadorian military forces are the Marshall Antonio Jose de Sucre and Gral. Eloy Alfaro. The Military Academy "Gral. Eloy Alfaro" (c. 1838) graduates the army officers and is located in Quito. The Ecuadorian Navy Academy (c. 1837) located in Salinas graduates the navy officers, and the Air Academy "Cosme Rennella" (c.1920) located in Salinas, graduates the air force officers. Other training academies for different military specialties are found across the country.

Geography

Ecuador lies between latitudes 2°N and 5°S, and longitudes 75° and 92°W.

The country has three main geographic regions, plus an insular region in the Pacific Ocean:

La Costa, or the coast, comprises the low-lying land in the western part of the country, including the Pacific coastline.

La Sierra, ("the highlands") is the high-altitude belt running north-south along the centre of the country, its mountainous terrain dominated by the Andes mountain range.

La Amazonía, also known as ''El Oriente'' ("the east"), comprises the Amazon rainforest areas in the eastern part of the country, accounting for just under half of the country's total surface area, though populated by less than 5% of the population.

The Región Insular is the region comprising the Galápagos Islands, some 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean.

Ecuador's capital is Quito, which is in the province of Pichincha in the Sierra region. Its largest city is Guayaquil, in the Guayas Province. Cotopaxi, which is just south of Quito, features one of the world's highest active volcanoes. The top of Mount Chimborazo (6,310 m above sea level) is considered to be the most distant point from the centre of the earth, given the ovoid shape of the planet.

Climate

There is great variety in the climate, largely determined by altitude. It is mild year-round in the mountain valleys; Humid Subtropical Climate incoastal and Rain Forests in lowlands. The Pacific coastal area has a tropical climate, with a severe rainy season. The climate in the Andean highlands is temperate and relatively dry; and the Amazon basin on the eastern side of the mountains shares the climate of other rain forest zones.

Because of its location at the equator, Ecuador experiences little variation in daylight hours during the course of a year. Both sunrise and sunset occur each day at the two six o'clock hours.

Biodiversity

Ecuador is one of 17 megadiverse countries in the world according to Conservation International, and it has the most biodiversity per square kilometer of any nation. In addition to the mainland, Ecuador owns the Galapagos Islands, for which the country is most well known.

Ecuador has 1,600 bird species (15% of the world's known bird species) in the continental area, and 38 more endemic in the Galápagos. In addition to over 16,000 species of plants, the country has 106 endemic reptiles, 138 endemic amphibians, and 6,000 species of butterfly. The Galápagos Islands are well known as a region of distinct fauna, famous as the place of birth of Darwin's Theory of Evolution, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Ecuador has the first constitution to recognize the rights of nature. The protection of the nation's biodiversity is an explicit national priority as stated in the National Plan of "Buen Vivir", or good living, objective 4, Guarantee the rights of nature, policy 1: "Sustainably conserve and manage the natural heritage including its land and marine biodiversity which is considered a strategic sector". As of the writing of that Plan in 2008, 19% of Ecuador's land area was in a protected area, however, the Plan also states that 32% of the land must be protected in order to truly preserve the nation's biodiversity. Current protected areas include 11 national parks, 10 wildlife refuges, 9 ecological reserves and other areas. A program begun in 2008, Sociobosque, is preserving another 2.3% of total landarea (629,475.5 hectares or 6,295 km²) by paying private landowners or community landowners (such as indigenous tribes) incentives to maintain their land as native ecosystems such as native forests or grasslands. Eligibility and subsidy rates for this program are determined based on the poverty in the region, the number of hectacres that will be protected, the type of ecosystem of the land to be protected among other factors.

Despite being on the UNESCO list, the Galapagos are endangered by a range of negative environmental effects, threatening the existence of this exotic ecosystem. Additionally, oil exploitation of the Amazon rain forest has led to the release of billions of gallons of untreated wastes, gas, and crude oil into the environment, contaminating ecosystems and causing detrimental health effects to indigenous peoples.

Economy

Ecuador's economy has heavily depended on exporting resources such as petroleum, fish, shrimp, timber and gold. In addition, it has rich agriculture: bananas, flowers, coffee, cacao, guayusa, sugar, tropical fruits, palm oil, palm hearts, rice, roses, and corn. The country´s greatest national export is crude oil. Fluctuations in world market prices can have a substantial domestic impact. Industry is largely oriented to servicing the domestic market, with some exports to the Andean Community of Nations.

Deteriorating economic performance in 1997–98 culminated in a severe economic and financial crisis in 1999. The crisis was precipitated by the ''El Niño'' weather phenomenon in 1997, a sharp drop in global oil prices in 1997–98, and international emerging market instability in 1997–98. These factors resulted in a 7.3% contraction of GDP, annual year-on-year inflation of 52.2%, and a 65% devaluation of the national currency, the Sucre, in 1999, which helped precipitate a default on external loans later that year. In January 2000, President Jamil Mahuad announced a policy to adopt the U.S. dollar as the official currency of Ecuador, and although Mahuad was forced from office, his successor Gustavo Noboa continued with the plan, and also entered into negotiations with the IMF.

Transportation

Ecuador has a network of national highways maintained by the ''Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Comunicaciones'' (Ministry of Public Works and Communication). The Pan-American Highway connects the northern and southern portions of the country as well as connecting Ecuador with Colombia to the north and Peru to the south. The quality of roads, even on truck routes, is highly variable.

There is an extensive network of intercity buses that use these mountain roads and highways. The most modern Ecuadorian Highway connects Guayaquil with Salinas.

The Empresa de Ferrocarriles Ecuatorianos is the Ecuadorian national railway. The Interandean Railroad is essentially defunct; only the short "devil's nose" section is usable. Tourists usually board the train in Alausí, although some opt for a longer trip from Riobamba (if available).

Demographics

2011 estimates put Ecuador's population at 15,007,343. CIA World Factbook gives the flowing statistics: "mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%, Spanish and others 7%, black 3%". Ecuador's population is ethnically diverse. The largest ethnic group (as of 2007) is the ''Mestizos'', who are the descendants of Spanish colonists and the indigenous people which constitute 65% of the population based on a self-determined census. Amerindians account for 25% of the current population. The unmixed descendants of early Spanish colonists, independently of their ethnic Iberian or Mediterranean origin called "Criollos", as well as immigrants from other European countries account for about 7% of the population. Afro-Ecuadorians, including Mulattos and ''zambos'', are also a minority, are largely based in Esmeraldas and Imbabura provinces, and make up 3% of the population.

Religion

Approximately 95% of Ecuadorians are Roman Catholic (see List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Ecuador), and 5% belong to other religious denominations including Protestants. In the rural parts of Ecuador, indigenous beliefs and Catholicism are sometimes syncretized. Most festivals and annual parades are based on religious celebrations, many incorporating a mixture of rites and icons.

The Jewish community of Ecuador, which maintains a synagogue, a school and a home for the aged in Quito, has about 500 members. There is a small number of Eastern Orthodox Christians, indigenous religions, Muslims (see Islam in Ecuador), Buddhists and Bahá'í. Ecuador has a number of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, about 1.4% of the population or about 185,000 members. In 2010, there were 73,215 Jehovah's Witnesses in the country.

Population density

The majority of Ecuadorians live in the central provinces inland in the Andes mountains or along the Pacific coast. The tropical forest region to the east of the mountains (El Oriente) remains sparsely populated and contains only about three percent of the population. {|class="infobox" style="text-align:center; width:97%; margin-right:10px; font-size:90%" ! align=center colspan=4 style="font-weight:bold" | Largest cities |- ! rowspan=13 width:100| border|100px|GuayaquilGuayaquil border|100px|QuitoQuito border|100px|CuencaCuenca ! align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;"|Rank ! align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;"|City ! align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;"|Province ! align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;"|Population ! rowspan=13| border|100px|PortoviejoPortoviejo border|100px|MachalaMachala border|100px|Santo DomingoSanto Domingo |- |align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"| 1 ||align=left| Guayaquil ||align=left| Guayas || 2,286,800 || |- |align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"| 2 ||align=left| Quito ||align=left| Pichincha || 1,619,800|| |- |align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"| 3 ||align=left| Cuenca ||align=left| Azuay || 400,000 || |- |align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"| 4 ||align=left| Portoviejo ||align=left| Manabí || 257,000 || |- |align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"| 5 ||align=left| Machala ||align=left| El Oro || 250,000 || |- |align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"| 6 ||align=left| Santo Domingo de los Colorados ||align=left| Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas || 231,000 || |- |align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"| 7 ||align=left| Ambato ||align=left| Tungurahua || 224,000 || |- |align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"| 8 ||align=left| Manta ||align=left| Manabí || 210,700 || |- |align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"| 9 ||align=left| Durán ||align=left| Guayas|| 201,000 || |- |align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"| 10 ||align=left| Riobamba ||align=left| Chimborazo || 190,000 || |- | colspan="7" align=center style="background:#f5f5f5;" | Estimate for 2010 |}

Nations

The Ecuadorian constitution recognizes the "pluri-nationality" of those who want to exercise their affiliation with their native ethnic groups. Therefore, in addition to criollos, mestizos, and Afro-Ecuadorians, some people belong to the indigenous nations scattered in a few places in the coast, Quechua Andean villages, and the Amazonian jungle.

Immigration and emigration

A small east Asian Latino community estimated at 2,500 mainly consists of those of Japanese and Chinese descent, whose ancestors arrived as miners, farm hands and fishermen in the late 19th century.

In the early years of World War II, Ecuador still admitted a certain number of immigrants, and in 1939, when several South American countries refused to accept the 165 Jewish refugees from Germany aboard the ship "Koenigstein," Ecuador granted them entry permits.

Culture

Ecuador's mainstream culture is defined by its Hispanic mestizo majority and, like their ancestry, is traditionally of Spanish heritage influenced at different degrees with Amerindian traditions and in some cases with African elements.The first and most substantial wave of modern immigration to ecuador consisted of Spanish colonists, following the arrival of Europeans in 1499. However a low number of other Europeans and North Americans migrated to the country in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries, and, in smaller numbers, Poles, Lithuanians, English, Irish, and Croats during and after the Second World War. Since African slavery was not the workforce of the Spanish colonies in the "Terra Firme" (South-America) given the subjugation of the indigenous people through evangelism and encomiendas, the minor African descendant elements are found in the northern provinces of Esmeraldas and Imbabura thanks to the 17th century shipwreck of a slave-trading galleon in front of the northern coast of Ecuador. The few black African survivors swam to the shore and penetrated the then thick jungle under the leadership of Anton, the chief of the group, where they remained as free-men while maintaining their original culture not influenced by the typical elements found on other provinces of the coast or in the Andean region.

Ecuador's indigenous communities are integrated into the mainstream culture to varying degrees, but some may also practice their own indigenous cultures, particularly the more remote indigenous communities of the Amazon basin. Spanish is spoken as the first language by more than 90% of the population and as a first or second language by more than 98%. One part of Ecuador's population can speak Amerindian languages, in some cases as a second language. Two percent of the population speak only Amerindian languages.

Cuisine

Ecuadorian cuisine is diverse, varying with altitude and associated agricultural conditions. Most regions in Ecuador follow the traditional three course meal of soup, a second course which includes rice and a protein such as meat or fish, and then dessert and coffee to finish. Supper is usually lighter and sometimes consists only of coffee or herbal tea with bread.

In the highland region, pork, chicken, beef, and ''cuy'' (guinea pig) are popular and are served with a variety of grains (especially rice and corn) or potatoes.

In the coastal region seafood is very popular, with shrimp and lobster being key parts of the diet. Plantain- and peanut-based dishes are the basis of most coastal meals. Churrasco is a staple food of the Coast Region specially Guayaquil. Arroz con menestra y carne asada (rice with beans and grilled beef) is one of the traditional dishes of Guayaquil, as is fried plantain which is often served with it.

In the Amazon region, a dietary staple is the yuca, elsewhere called cassava. Many fruits are available in this region, including bananas, tree grapes, and peach palms. This region is a lead producer of bananas, cacao beans (to make chocolate), shrimp, tilapia, mangos and passion fruit, among other products.

Literature

Early literature in colonial Ecuador, as in the rest of Spanish America, was influenced by the still existing tendencies of the Spanish Golden Age. One of the earliest examples is Jacinto Collahuazo, an indigenous chief of a northern village in today's Ibarra born in the late 1600s. Despite of the early repression and discrimination of the native people by the Spanish, Jacinto learned to read and write in Castilian but his work was written in Quechua. Collahuazo was imprisoned, and all of his work burned. The existence of his literary work came to light many centuries later, while a crew of masons were restoring the walls of a colonial church in Quito and found a hidden manuscript. The salvaged fragment is an Spanish translation from Quechua of the "Elegy to the Dead of Atahualpa", a poem written by Collahuazo, which describes the sadness and impotence of the Inca people of having lost their king Atahualpa.

Other early Ecuadorian writers include the Jesuits Juan Bautista Aguirre, born in Daule in 1725, and Father Juan de Velasco, born in Riobamba in 1727. Juan de Velasco wrote about the nations and chiefdoms which existed in the ''Kingdom of Quito'' (today Ecuador) before the arrival of the Spanish. His historical accounts are nationalistic, featuring a romantic perspective of pre-colonial history.

Famous authors from the late colonial and early republic period include: Eugenio Espejo a printer and main author of the first newspaper in Ecuadorian colonial times; Jose Joaquin de Olmedo (born in Guayaquil), famous for his ode to Simon Bolivar titled ''Victoria de Junin''; Juan Montalvo, a prominent essayist and novelist; Juan Leon Mera, famous for his work "Cumanda" or "Tragedy among Savages" and the Ecuadorian National Anthem; Juan A. Martinez with ''A la Costa'', Dolores Veintimilla, and others.

Contemporary Ecuadorian writers include the novelist Jorge Enrique Adoum; the poet Jorge Carrera Andrade; the essayist Benjamín Carrión; the poets Fanny Carrión de Fierro, Luis Alberto Costales; the novelist Enrique Gil Gilbert; the novelist Jorge Icaza (author of the novel ''Huasipungo'', translated to many languages); the short story author Pablo Palacio; the novelist Alicia Yanez Cossio; Alfonso Oramas; Guayaquilean poet Karina Galvez (author of the poem "La Batalla del Pichincha"); and U.S.-based, half Ecuadorian poet Emanuel Xavier.

Art

The best known art tendencies from Ecuador belonged to the ''Escuela Quiteña'', which developed from the 16th to 18th centuries, examples of which are on display in various old churches in Quito. Ecuadorian painters include: Oswaldo Guayasamín, Camilo Egas and Eduardo Kingman from the Indiginist Movement; Manuel Rendon, Jaime Zapata, Enrique Tábara, Aníbal Villacís, Theo Constanté, León Ricaurte and Estuardo Maldonado from the Informalist Movement; and Luis Burgos Flor with his abstract, Futuristic style. The indigenous people of Tigua, Ecuador are also world renowned for their tradicional paintings.

Sport

The most popular sport in Ecuador, as in most South American countries, is football (soccer). Its best known professional teams include Barcelona and Emelec from Guayaquil; LDU Quito, Deportivo Quito, and El Nacional from Quito; Olmedo from Riobamba; and Deportivo Cuenca from Cuenca. Currently the most successful football club in Ecuador is LDU Quito and it is the only Ecuadorian club that have won the Copa Libertadores, the Copa Sudamericana and the Recopa Sudamericana, they were also runners-up in the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup. The matches of the Ecuadorian national team are the most watched sporting events in the country. Ecuador qualified for the final rounds of both the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups. The 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign was considered a huge success for the country and for its inhabitants, because it was said that it had changed the people's point of view and mentality of goals that used to be very hard to achieve for Ecuadorians and now they seem much possible; Ecuador finished in 2nd place on the qualifiers behind and above the team that would become World Champion, . In the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Ecuador finished ahead of and to come in second to in Group A in the 2006 World Cup. Futsal, often referred to as ''índor'', is particularly popular for mass participation.

There is considerable interest in tennis in the middle and upper classes in Ecuadorian society, and several Ecuadorian professional players have attained international fame. Basketball has a high profile, while Ecuador's specialties include ''Ecuavolley'', a three-person variation of volleyball. Bullfighting is practiced at a professional level in Quito, during the annual festivities that commemorate the Spanish founding of the city, and also features in festivals in many smaller towns. Rugby union is found to some extent in Ecuador, with teams in Guayaquil, Quito, and Cuenca.

Ecuador has won only two medals in the Olympic Games, both gained by 20 km racewalker Jefferson Pérez, who took gold in the 1996 games and silver 12 years later. Pérez also set a world best in the 2003 World Championships of 1:17:21 for the 20 km distance.

Health

The current structure of the Ecuadorian public health care system dates back to 1967. The Ministry of the Public Health (Ministerio de Salud Publica del Ecuador) is the responsible entity of the regulation and creation of the public health policies and health care plans. The "Minister of Public Health" is appointed directly by the President of the republic. His current "ministro", or Ecuadorian general surgeon, is Dr. David Chiriboga, an specialist and investigator in communitarian medicine.

The philosophy of the Ministry of Public Health is the social support and service to the most vulnerable population and its main plan of action lies around communitarian health and preventive medicine.

The public health care system allows patients to be attended daily in public general hospitals, with no previous appointment, by general practitioners and specialists in the "Consulta Externa" (External Consultation) at no cost. This is done in the 4th basic specialties of pediatric, gynecology, clinic medicine, and surgery. There are also public hospitals specialized to treat chronic diseases, target a particular group of the population, or to provide a better attention in some medical specialties. Some examples in this group are the Gynecologic Hospitals or Maternities, Children Hospitals, Geriatric Hospitals and Oncology Institutes.

Although well equipped, general hospitals are found in the major cities or capitals of province, there are basic hospitals in the smaller towns and canton cities, for family care consultation and treatments in pediatrics, gynecology, clinic medicine, and surgery.

Community health care centers (Centros de Salud), are found inside metropolitan areas of cities and in rural areas. These are Day Hospitals with attention to patients whose hospitalization is inferior to 24 hours. The doctors assigned to rural communities, where the population of indigenous people can be substantial, have under their responsibility small clinics for the attention of the patients in the same fashion as the Day Hospitals in the major cities. The attention in this case observes and respect the culture of the community.

The public health care system shouldn't be confused with the Ecuadorian Social Security health care service which is dedicated to the individuals with formal employment and who are affiliated obligatorily through their employers. Citizens with no formal employment, may still tribute to the social security system voluntarily and have access to the medical services rendered by the social security system. The Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security (IESS) has under its administration several major hospitals and medical sub-centers across the nation.

Ecuadorians have a life expectancy of 75 years. The infant mortality rate is 13 per 1,000 live births, a major improvement from approximately 76 in the early 1980s and 140 in 1950. 23% of children under five are chronically malnourished. Population in some rural areas have no access to potable water and its supply is provided by mean of water tankers. There are 686 malaria cases per 100,000 people. Basic health care, including doctor's visits, basic surgeries, and basic medications, has been provided free since 2008. However, some public hospitals are in poor condition and often lack necessary supplies to attend the high demand of patients. Private hospitals and clinics are well equipped but still expensive for the majority of the population.

Education

The Ecuadorian Constitution requires that all children attend school until they achieve a "basic level of education," which is estimated at nine school years. In 1996, the net primary enrollment rate was 96.9 percent, and 71.8 percent of children stayed in school until the fifth grade. The cost of primary and secondary education is borne by the government, but families often face significant additional expenses such as fees and transportation costs.

Provision of public schools falls far below the levels needed, and class sizes are often very large, and families of limited means often find it necessary to pay for education. In rural areas, only 10% of the children go on to high school. The Ministry of Education states that the mean number of years completed is 6.7.

Ecuador has 61 universities, many of which still confer terminal degrees according to the traditional Spanish education system, honoring a long tradition of having some of the oldest universities in the Americas: University of San Fulgencio founded in 1586 by the Augustines, San Gregorio Magno University founded in 1651 by the Jesuits, and University of Santo Tomas of Aquino, founded in 1681 by the Dominican order.

Among the traditional conferred terminal degrees can be noted the Doctorate for medicine and law schools; Engineer, Physicist, Chemist, or Mathematician for polytechnic or technology institutes. These terminal degrees, as in the case of the Ph.D. in other countries, were the main requirement for an individual to be accepted in academia as a professor or researcher. In the professional realm, a terminal degree granted by an accredited institution provided automatically a professional license to the individual.

However, in 2004 the National Council of Higher Education (CONESUP), started the reorganization of all the degree grating schemes of the accredited universities in order to pair them with foreign counterparts. The new structure of some careers caused the dropping of subjects, credits or even the name of the previously conferred diplomas. The terminal degree in law, previously known as J.D. Juris Doctor (Doctor en Jurisprudencia) was replaced by the one of ''attorney'' (Abogado) with the exception of the modification of the number of credits to equate it to an undergraduate degree. In the same fashion for Med School, the required time of education was considerably reduced from 9 years (the minimum needed to obtain the title of M.D. Doctor in Medicine and Surgery) to almost five, with the provision that the diploma is not terminal anymore and it is given with the title of ''Medic'' (Medico). Therefore, an M.D. or Ph.D. in medicine is only to be obtained overseas until the universities adjust themselves to granting schemes and curriculum as in foreign counterparts. Nonetheless, a "medico" can start a career as family practitioner or general medicine physician.

This new reorganization, although very ambitious, lacked the proper path to the homologation of diplomas for highly educated professionals graduated in the country or even for the ones graduated in foreign institutions. One of the points of conflict was the imposition of obtaining foreign degrees to current academicians. As today, a master degree is as a requirement to keep an academic position and at least a foreign Ph.D. to attain or retain the status of Rector (President of a university) or Decano (Dean). For Ecuadorian researchers and many academicians trained in the country, these regulations sounded illogical, disappointing, and unlawful since it appeared a question of a title name conflict rather than specialization or science advancement.

A debate to modify this and other reforms, specially the one which granted control of the Higher Education System by the government, was practically passed with consensus by the multi-partisan National Assembly on August 4, 2010 but vetoed by the president Rafael Correa, who wanted to keep the law strictly as it was originally redacted by his political party and SENPLADES (National Secretary of Planning and Development). Due to this change, there are many highly educated professionals and academicians under the old structure but estimated that only 87% of the faculty in public universities have already obtained a master's degree and fewer than 5% have Ph.D. (although many of them have already Ecuadorian granted Doctorate degrees).

About 300 institutes of higher education offer two to three years of post-secondary vocational or technical training.

Sciences and research

The most notable icons in Ecuadorian sciences are the mathematician and cartographer Pedro Vicente Maldonado, born in Riobamba in 1707, and the printer, independence precursor, and medical pioneer Eugenio Espejo, born in 1747 in Quito. Among other notable Ecuadorian scientists and engineers are Lieutenant Jose Rodriguez Lavandera, a pioneer who built the first submarine in Latin America in 1837; Reinaldo Espinosa Aguilar (1898–1950), a botanist and biologist of Andean flora; and José Aurelio Abelardo Dueñas (1880–1961), a chemist and inventor of a method of textile serigraphy.

The major areas of scientific research in Ecuador have been in the medical fields, tropical and infectious diseases treatments, agricultural engineering, pharmaceutical research, and bioengineering. Being a small country and consumer of foreign technology, Ecuador has favored the research supported by entrepreneurship in information technology. The antivirus ''Checkprogram'' and banking protection system ''MdLock'' and the Core Banking Software ''Cobis'' are a product of Ecuadorian development.

The scientific production in hard sciences has been limited due to lack of funding but focused around science of materials in Physics and Statistics in Mathematics. In the case of engineering fields, the majority of the scientific production comes from the top three polytechnic institutions: ''ESPOL'' (Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral), ''ESPE'' (Escuela Superior Politecnica del Ejercito) and ''EPN'' (Escuela Politecnica Nacional).

Contemporary Ecuadorian scientists who have been recognized by international institutions are Eugenia del Pino (born 1945), the first Ecuadorian to be elected to the United States National Academy of Science, and Arturo Villavicencio, who was part of the working group of the IPCC which shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Al Gore for their dissemination of the effects of climate change.

Currently, the politics of research and investigation are managed by the National Secretary of Higher Education, Science and Technology ''Senescyt''.

See also

Ingapirca

International rankings of Ecuador

List of Ecuadorians

List of mountains in Ecuador

List of national parks in Ecuador

Lost Pyramid of Puñay

National symbols of Ecuador

South America Life Quality Rankings

References

Further reading

Ades, H. and Graham, M. (2010) ''The Rough Guide to Ecuador'', Rough Guides

Becker, M. (2008) ''Indians and Leftists in the Making of Ecuador's Modern Indigenous Movements'', Duke University Press Books

Becker, M. and Clark, A. K. (2007) ''Highland Indians and the State in Modern Ecuador'', University of Pittsburgh Press

Blakenship, J. (2005) ''Cañar: A Year in the Highlands of Ecuador'', University of Texas Press

Brown, J. and Smith, J. (2009) ''Moon Guidebook: Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands'', Avalon Travel Publishing

Crowder, N. (2009) ''Culture Shock! Ecuador: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette'', Marshall Cavendish Corporation

Gerlach, A. (2003) ''Indians, Oil, and Politics: A Recent History of Ecuador'', SR Books

Handelsman, M. H. (2008) ''Culture and Customs of Ecuador'', Greenwood

Hurtado, O. (2010) ''Portrait of a Nation: Culture and Progress in Ecuador'', Madison Books

O'Connor, E. (2007) ''Gender, Indian, Nation: The Contradictions of Making Ecuador, 1830–1925'', University of Arizona Press

Pineo, R. (2007) ''Ecuador and the United States: Useful Strangers'', University of Georgia Press

Roos, W. and Van Renterghem, O. (2000) ''Ecuador in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics, and Culture'', Latin America Bureau

Sawyer, S. (2004) ''Crude Chronicles: Indigenous Politics, Multinational Oil, and Neoliberalism in Ecuador'', Duke University Press Books

Striffler, S. (2001) ''In the Shadows of State and Capital: The United Fruit Company, Popular Struggle, and Agrarian Restructuring in Ecuador – 1900–1995'', Duke University Press Books

Torre, C. de la and Striffler, S. (2008) ''The Ecuador Reader: History, Culture, Politics'', Duke University Press Books

Various (2010) ''Insight Guidebook: Ecuador & Galápagos'', Insight Guides

Various (2009) ''Lonely Planet Guide: Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands'', Lonely Planet

Whitten, N. E. (2011) ''Histories of the Present: People and Power in Ecuador'', University of Illinois Press

Whitten, N. E. (2003) ''Millennial Ecuador: Critical Essays on Cultural Transformations and Social Dynamics'', University Of Iowa Press

External links

Global Integrity Report: Ecuador has analysis of corruption and anti-corruption in Ecuador.

President of Ecuador

Chief of State and Cabinet Members

Ecuador at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''

''Poema 'La Batalla del Pichincha'''.

Category:Countries bordering the Pacific Ocean Category:Former Spanish colonies Category:Member states of OPEC Category:Member states of the Union of South American Nations Category:Republics Category:South American countries Category:Spanish-speaking countries Category:States and territories established in 1830 Category:Member states of the United Nations

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playername	Brek Shea
fullname	Dane Brekken Shea
dateofbirth	February 28, 1990
cityofbirth	College Station, Texas
countryofbirth	United States
height
position	Winger, Second Striker
currentclub	FC Dallas
clubnumber	20
youthyears1	2005–2007
youthclubs1	IMG Soccer Academy
years1	2008–
clubs1	FC Dallas
caps1	72
goals1	15
nationalyears1	2005–2007
nationalteam1	United States U-17
nationalcaps1	19
nationalgoals1	0
nationalyears2	2007–2009
nationalteam2	United States U-20
nationalcaps2	12
nationalgoals2	4
nationalyears3	2010–
nationalteam3	United States
nationalcaps3	3
nationalgoals3	0
pcupdate	August 28, 2011
ntupdate	January 22, 2011 }}

Dane Brekken "Brek" Shea (born February 28, 1990 in College Station, Texas) is an American soccer player who currently plays midfielder for FC Dallas in Major League Soccer and the U.S. national team. A versatile attacking player known for his ball skills, size, and strength, Shea can be used as either a midfielder or as a defender.

Career

Youth and Club

Shea attended Brazos Christian School before transferring to St. Joseph Catholic School in Bryan, Texas, and played for the Texans FC youth soccer organization in Houston, Texas, now known as the Dallas Texans, Houston Division. During his tenure with the Texans, Shea won four consecutive state championships. After his years in Bryan, Shea moved to U.S. Residency in Bradenton, Florida, while there Shea graduated in the top ten of his class at Edison Academy and later went to train with Bolton Wanderers F.C. in England in October 2007.

Professional

Shea did not play college soccer and instead turned professional straight out of high school. He was drafted 2nd overall by FC Dallas in the 2008 MLS SuperDraft, and he signed a Generation adidas contract. He made his MLS debut for Dallas on April 20, 2008, as a substitute against CD Chivas USA in the 86th minute. Four minutes into the game Shea would pick up his first yellow card. Brek appeared in five of the team's six international friendlies and made eight starts with the reserve team before he underwent season-ending surgery to repair a torn meniscus in his right knee on September 19, 2008. Shea Earned his first professional start on May 23, 2009 in a match versus the LA Galaxy. Shea Recorded his first MLS assist on Kenny Cooper’s game-tying goal during a match versus the Earthquakes on June 7, 2009. Shea also recorded two assists in a 6-0 blowout win over Kansas City on August 1, 2009 at Pizza Hut Park Shea spent his first two seasons with the club playing as a utility man, including spells as a striker, a central midfielder and as a defender. He eventually settled in at left winger during the 2010 MLS season. Shea scored his first professional goal on May 15 against the Philadelphia Union. During the 2010 Season Shea finished seventh on the team in minutes played (1,797) and made a career high 25 regular season appearances, Shea ended the season with five goals and four assists, as well as having 2 assists in four playoff games.

Shea graduated from the MLS Generation Adidas program at the end of the 2010 season. After playing central defender during a Generation Adidas trip to Spain, Shea started the 2011 season at centerback, with manager Schellas Hyndman saying he found Shea's talents better used there.

During a match against the Vancouver Whitecaps MVP David Ferreira came down with an injury and much of his scoring role was passed onto Shea. Coach Schellas Hyndman soon started Brek at the midfield, and he blossomed into a top player of the 2011 MLS season. Shea was named to the MLS Team of Week 11,14, and 16 in the 2011 MLS season for his performances against Seattle Sounders, Houston Dynamo, Chivas USA, and Columbus Crew. Following Ferreira's injury he led FC Dallas to 10 wins (the first team in the 2011 MLS season to do so) led the club in goals, and as a result he was named to the MLS All-Star Game as a midfielder. However, Shea was unable to play in the MLS All-Star game due to a CONCACAF Champions League match. During a match against Sporting Kansas City Brek Shea helped Dallas rally back from down 0-2 to win 3-2, with two crosses in the final two minutes, to Maicon Santos and Bobby Warshaw respectively.

International

Shea was a member of the U.S. residency program in Bradenton, Florida, and played extensively for the Under-17 team during that time. He later moved on to the U-20 national team, whom he has represented most recently at the 2009 CONCACAF U-20 Championship. He received his first call-up to the senior national team at the age of eighteen, when he was called in late for a second round World Cup qualifier on June 18, 2008, at Barbados.

In September 2010, he was called up for an October friendly against Colombia. Shea earned his first international cap playing the first half of the 0-0 draw and in the process became the first player born in the 1990's to make an appearance for the full US National team

Shea received his third call up and second cap when he joined Eric Alexander, Zach Loyd and Ugo Ihemelu and made FC Dallas the most-represented MLS teams at the 2011 January U.S. National Team camp. Shea started the January 22, 2011 match against Chile, playing 60 minutes.

Under new U.S. National Team coach Jürgen Klinsmann, Shea was named as one of seven midfielders for a friendly match vs. Mexico on August 10, 2011 in Philadelphia. In the 60th minute, Shea came on as a substitute for Jermaine Jones and recorded his first international assist on the equalizing goal from Robbie Rogers.

Personal Life

Brek Shea is the son of Charles and Kirsten Shea. Charles Shea played football at Virginia Tech. Shea is the middle of five children with two older brothers and two younger sisters. Shea was drafted with the second pick in the 2008 MLS SuperDraft, and as a result he was able to stay in Texas. By being a local player, and having some unique hairstyles Shea has become a favorite among FC Dallas fans.

During Shea's personal time he often paints. Shea stated his inspiration to paint came when he was at a friend’s house who painted, and Shea was inspired. Shea said. “I started with little bitty canvas and trying to draw things, and it became bigger canvases and more abstract.” On June 26 2011, Shea showcased 10 of his abstract pieces to the Controlled Chaos Art Show and Auction at NYLO Hotel in Plano, raising almost $10,000 for the FC Dallas Foundation benefiting disadvantaged youth through soccer. During the art showcase FC Dallas owner Dan Hunt attended and purchased one of Shea's paintings. To sell and display his art Brek Shea has opened his own studio named Left Foot Studio. On the Left Foot Studio website fans can purchase Shea's paintings which all benefit the FC Dallas Foundation.

On July 22 2011 Shea and New York Red Bulls player Tim Ream rang the closing bell at the New York stock exchange in New York City. While attending the stock exchange, Shea and Ream were accompanied by Chris Heck, the New York Red Bulls President of Business Operation

Brek Shea has stated that his favorite TV show is Rob & Big and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and that his favorite type of music is hip-hop and techno. Shea says that he is a big fan of Assassin’s Creed, FIFA, Halo and Guitar Hero and that his favorite films are 300, Troy and Superbad. Shea has listed Lance Armstrong as a huge inspiration and is his favorite athlete. Brek Shea is also a fan of the Dallas Mavericks, Texas Rangers and Dallas Cowboys.

Career Statistics

Club

0 0 5 10

Club

Season

League

U.S. Open Cup

League Cup

CONCACAF

Other

Total

!Apps

!Goals

!Apps

!Goals

!Apps

!Goals

!Apps

!Goals

!Apps

!Goals

!Apps

!Goals

rowspan="4" valign="centre"

FC Dallas

2

|

–

–

–

–

2

0

2009 Major League Soccer season

2009

19

|

–

–

–

–

19

0

2010 Major League Soccer season

2010

29

|

–

3

0

–

–

32

5

2011 Major League Soccer season

2011

26

|

3

0

0

0

4

0

0

0

28

10

!Total

!4 Seasons!!76!!15!!3!!0!!3!!0!!3!!0!!0!!0!!81!!15

Honors

FC Dallas

Major League Soccer MLS Cup Runners-up''': 2010

Major League Soccer Western Conference Championship (1): 2010

Major League Soccer All Star (1): 2011

See also

List of current MLS players

References

External links

MLS player profile

Category:1990 births Category:Living people Category:American soccer players Category:FC Dallas players Category:American people of Norwegian descent Category:United States men's international soccer players Category:Soccer players from Texas

da:Brek Shea de:Brek Shea es:Brek Shea it:Brek Shea nl:Brek Shea pl:Brek Shea

playername	Juan Agudelo
fullname	Juan Sebastián Agudelo
dateofbirth	November 23, 1992
cityofbirth	Manizales
countryofbirth	Colombia
height
position	Forward
currentclub	New York Red Bulls
clubnumber	17
youthyears1	2007–2009
youthclubs1	New York Red Bulls
years1	2010–
clubs1	New York Red Bulls
caps1	22
goals1	5
nationalyears1	2008–2009
nationalteam1	United States U17
nationalcaps1	16
nationalgoals1	12
nationalyears2	2010–
nationalteam2	United States U20
nationalcaps2	8
nationalgoals2	2
nationalyears3	2010–
nationalteam3	United States
nationalcaps3	11
nationalgoals3	2
pcupdate	August 25, 2011
ntupdate	June 22, 2011 }}

Juan Sebastián Agudelo (born November 23, 1992 in Manizales) is a Colombian-born American soccer player. He currently plays for the New York Red Bulls in Major League Soccer.

Agudelo has played internationally for the United States U-17, U-20 national team and the senior national team.

Early life

Agudelo moved with his family from Colombia to the New York area at the age of seven. He grew up and played soccer in Barnegat Township, New Jersey, where he currently lives with his family.

Career

Professional

Agudelo began his career with the New York Red Bull Academy and quickly established himself as one of the more skilled prospects at the club. In 2009 he was offered a chance to join the junior team but decided to accept a trial with Colombian side Millonarios in 2010. Although it was reported that he had signed with Millonarios, he returned to the United States to join Red Bulls during their pre-season. While with Millonarios, Agudelo played with the youth side, including a match against Santa Fe C.D. on January 17, which served as a tribute match to Brazilian great Pelé.

On March 26, 2010, Agudelo officially joined the New York Red Bulls. He made his professional debut on April 27, 2010, in a U.S. Open Cup game against Philadelphia Union. Agudelo made his MLS debut against Real Salt Lake October 9, 2010, entering in the 85th minute in a match that ended in a scoreless draw. He scored his first professional goal on March 19, 2011, in the Red Bulls' 2011 MLS season opener, a 1–0 victory over Seattle Sounders FC.

International

Agudelo represented the United States at the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup. In 2010, he also debuted for the United States Under-20 side. On January 23, 2010, he scored the equalizing goal for the United States Under-20 national team in a 1–1 draw with Brazil. On November 11, 2010, Agudelo was called up to the United States senior national side for the first time as part of an 18-man roster for a match against South Africa on November 17 in Cape Town. He made his debut for the team coming on against South Africa in the Nelson Mandela Challenge wearing the number 17 shirt. Agudelo scored the only goal of the game on a volley that went in off the underside of the crossbar. In doing so, he became the youngest player in national team history to score in a senior game. On January 22. 2011, Agudelo drew the penalty that led to the USA's only goal of the match in a 1–1 draw against Chile. In an international friendly on March 26, 2011, he scored the equalizer in a 1–1 draw against Argentina.

International goals

!#	!Date	!Venue	!Opponent	!Score	!Result	!Competition
1.	November 17, 2010			0 – 1	0 – 1
2.	March 26, 2011			1 - 1	1 – 1

Career statistics

{|border=1 align=center cellpadding=4 cellspacing=2 style="background: ivory; font-size: 95%; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; clear:center" |+ All-time club performance |- style="background:beige" !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="2"| Major League Soccer !colspan="2"|US Open Cup !colspan="2"|MLS Cup !colspan="2"|CONCACAF !colspan="2"|Total |- style="background:beige" !App !Goals !App !Goals !App !Goals !App !Goals !App !Goals |- |rowspan="3" align=center valign=center|New York Red Bulls |align="center"|2010 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|0 |align="center"|3 |align="center"|0 |align="center"|2 |align="center"|0 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|7 |align="center"|0 |- |align="center"|2011 |align="center"|19 |align="center"|5 |align="center"|1 |align="center"|0 |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|- |align="center"|20 |align="center"|5 |- style="background:lemonchiffon" ! colspan="1" align="left"| Club Total !! 21 !! 5 !! 4 !! 0 !! 2 !! 0 !! -!! - !! 27 !! 5 |- |}

References

External links

MLS player profile

Juan Agudelo, el futuro yankee

Stupid dance video

Category:1992 births Category:Living people Category:American soccer players Category:Colombian footballers Category:New York Red Bulls players Category:People from Caldas Department Category:Colombian emigrants to the United States Category:Association football forwards Category:United States men's international soccer players Category:2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup players Category:Soccer players from New Jersey

de:Juan Agudelo es:Juan Agudelo fr:Juan Agudelo it:Juan Agudelo pl:Juan Agudelo pt:Juan Agudelo fi:Juan Agudelo

Randy Alcorn is an American Protestant author and director of Eternal Perspective Ministries, a non-profit Christian organization dedicated to teaching an eternal viewpoint and helping the needy of the world. He has written several novels, including ''Deadline'', ''Dominion'', and ''Deception''. He received a Gold Medallion Book Award in 2003 for his novel ''Safely Home''. He has also written a number of non-fiction books, including ''Heaven'', ''The Purity Principle'', and ''The Treasure Principle''. Eternal Perspective Ministries owns the royalties to his books and 100 percent of them are given away to support missions, famine relief, pro-life work, and other ministries.

He and his wife, Nanci, have two grown up and married daughters, Karina and Angela, who assisted him in writing the novel ''The Ishbane Conspiracy'' in 2001. Randy and Nanci have four grandsons. They live in Gresham, Oregon.

He wrote a book similar to ''The Screwtape Letters'' called ''Lord Foulgrin's Letters''. In Alcorn's book, references are made to demons, known only as "ST" and "WW" (for it had become a crime in Hell to even speak their real names), who had their letters found by a human and were punished by Beelzebub for their incompetence. He has also written a sequel to ''Lord Foulgrin's Letters'' entitled ''The Ishbane Conspiracy'' in which Lord Foulgrin from the first book is put on probation and is receiving letters from a senior demon named Prince Ishbane. In between the letters actual scenes from the humans lives unfold.

In November 2009, Alcorn signed an ecumenical statement known as the ''Manhattan Declaration'' calling on Evangelicals, Catholics and Orthodox not to comply with rules and laws permitting abortion, same-sex marriage and other matters that go against their religious consciences.

Bibliography

Non-fiction

''Christians in the Wake of the Sexual Revolution: Recovering Our Sexual Sanity'' (Multnomah 1985), ISBN 0-88070-095-5 ''Women Under Stress: Preserving Your Sanity'' (Multnomah 1986), ISBN 0-88070-157-9 (with Nanci Alcorn) ''Money, Possessions, and Eternity'' (Tyndale House 1989), ISBN 0-8423-8731-5 (2003 rev. ed., ISBN 0-8423-5360-7) ''Sexual Temptation: How Christian Workers Can Win the Battle'' (InterVarsity Press 1989), ISBN 0-87784-223-X ''Is Rescuing Right?: Breaking the Law to Save the Unborn'' (InterVarsity Press 1990), ISBN 0-8308-1301-2 ''Pro Life Answers to Pro Choice Arguments'' (Multnomah 1992), ISBN 0-88070-472-1 (2000 rev. ed., ISBN 1-57673-751-9) ''In Light of Eternity: Perspectives on Heaven'' (WaterBrook Press 1999), ISBN 1-57856-299-6 ''The Treasure Principle'' (Multnomah 2001), ISBN 1-57673-780-2 ''The Treasure Principle Bible Study'' (Multnomah 2003), ISBN 1-59052-187-0 (with Brian Smith) ''The Grace and Truth Paradox'' (Multnomah 2003), ISBN 1-59052-065-3 ''The Purity Principle'' (Multnomah 2003), ISBN 1-59052-195-1 ''The Law of Rewards'' (Tyndale House 2003), ISBN 0-8423-8106-6 ''Heaven'' (Tyndale House 2004), ISBN 0-8423-7942-8 ''50 Days of Heaven: Reflections That Bring Eternity to Light'' (Tyndale House 2006), ISBN 1-4143-0976-7 ''Heaven Study Guide'' (Tyndale House 2006), ISBN 1-4143-0977-5 ''Heaven for Kids'' (Tyndale House 2006), ISBN 1-4143-1040-4 (with Linda Washington) ''Why Pro Life?'' (Multnomah 2004), ISBN 1-59052-369-5

Fiction

''Courageous: a novel'' (Tyndale House 2011), ISBN 978-141435-846-8 ''Deadline'' (Multnomah 1994), ISBN 0-88070-660-0 ''Dominion'' (Multnomah 1996), ISBN 0-88070-939-1 ''Deception'' (Multnomah 2007), ISBN 1-59052-616-3 ''Edge of Eternity'' (WaterBrook Press 1998), ISBN 1-57856-085-3 ''Lord Foulgrin's Letters: How to Strike Back at the Tyrant by Deceiving and Destroying His Human Vermin'' (Multnomah 2000), ISBN 1-57673-679-2 (2001 revised edition, ISBN 1-57673-861-2) ''Safely Home'' (Tyndale House 2001), ISBN 0-8423-3791-1 ''The Ishbane Conspiracy'' (Multnomah 2001), ISBN 1-57673-817-5 (with Angela Alcorn and Karina Alcorn) ''Wait Until Then'' (Tyndale House 2006), ISBN 1-4143-1041-2 ''Tell Me About Heaven'' (Crossway 2007), ISBN 1-5813-4853-3 ''The Chasm'' (Multnomah 2011), ISBN 978-160142-339-9

References

External links

700 Club guest bio

Author website: Eternal Perspective Ministries

Author Randy Alcorn's Blog

Author Randy Alcorn's Facebook

Author Randy Alcorn's Twitter

Interview with Randy Alcorn

Category:Christian novelists Category:American Christians Category:People from Gresham, Oregon Category:Multnomah University and Biblical Seminary alumni Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people

nl:Randy Alcorn

name	Jim Elliot
birth date	October 08, 1927
birth place	Portland, Oregon
death date	January 08, 1956
death place	Curaray River, Ecuador
education	Benson Polytechnic H.S.(1941-45)Wheaton College(1945-49)
occupation	Missionary
religion	Christian (Plymouth Brethren)
spouse	Elisabeth Elliot (née Howard)(Oct 8, 1953 – Jan 8, 1956)
parents	Fred ElliotClara Elliot
children	Valerie Elliot Shepard (1955)
nationality	American }}

Philip James Elliot (October 8, 1927 – January 8, 1956) was an evangelical Christian missionary to Ecuador who, along with four others, was killed while attempting to evangelize the Waodani people through efforts known as Operation Auca.

Early life

Elliot was born in Oregon to parents Fred and Clara Elliot. Fred was of Scottish heritage; his grandparents were the first of his family to settle in North America. Clara's parents moved near the turn of the 20th century from Switzerland to eastern Washington, where they operated a large ranch. They met in Portland, where Clara was studying to be a chiropractor and Fred, having devoted himself to Christian ministry, was working as a traveling preacher in a small Baptist church. After two years of correspondence, they were married in 1918. Robert, their first child, was born in 1921 while they were living in Seattle, and he was followed by Herbert, Jim, and Jane, all three of whom were born after the family moved to Portland. Jim Elliot's parents had firm Christian beliefs, and they raised their children accordingly, taking them to church and reading the Bible regularly. Elliot professed faith in Jesus at the age of six and grew up in a home where obedience and honesty were enforced. The Elliot parents encouraged their children to be adventurous, and encouraged them to live for Christ.

In 1941, Elliot entered Benson Polytechnic High School, studying architectural drawing. There he participated in numerous activities, including the school newspaper, the football team, school plays, and the public-speaking club. His acting ability led some of the teachers in the school to suggest that he pursue acting as a career, and his oratorical skills were similarly lauded—after preparing and delivering a speech in honor of President Franklin D. Roosevelt hours after his death, a faculty member praised it.

Elliot used his speaking ability regularly. A classmate recounts how Elliot quoted the Bible to the president of the student body as explanation for his refusal to attend a school party. Another time, Elliot risked expulsion from the public-speaking club by refusing to give a political speech, believing that Christians were not to involve themselves in politics. A pacifist, he rejected the idea of using force to eliminate slavery in Africa, and he was prepared to stand as a conscientious objector had he been drafted to serve in World War II.

Post-secondary education

In the fall of 1945, Elliot entered Wheaton College, a private Christian college in Illinois. Believing in the value of physical conditioning and discipline, he joined the wrestling team during his first year. The following year, he refused a staff position within the college, that would have given him a free year of tuition but also a significant time commitment and what he considered foolish responsibilities. He was not even fully convinced of the value of his studies, considering subjects like philosophy, politics, and anthropology to be distractions to one attempting to follow God. After a semester of relatively low grades, he wrote to his parents that he was unapologetic, deeming study of the Bible more important.

Elliot's interest in missions solidified during years at Wheaton. He soon followed the pattern of other "faith missions" by not seeking to be sponsored by a denomination. A member of the campus organization Student Foreign Missions Fellowship with his roommate David Howard, Elliot spoke to an Intervarsity Christian Fellowship group on the role of the Holy Spirit in missions. During the summer of 1947, after his second year of college, he and his friend Ron Harris did missions work in Mexico. He stayed there for six weeks, working with and learning from a local missionary family. At the end of the following year, he attended the International Student Missionary Convention, sponsored by InterVarsity. There he met a missionary to Brazil, and this encounter led him to more firmly believe that his missionary calling was to tribal work in Central America.

At the beginning of Elliot's third year at Wheaton, he decided to pursue a major in Greek, believing that it would both help him in his personal study of the Bible and make it easier to translate the Scriptures into the language of a people group unreached by missionaries. One of his classmates was Elisabeth Howard, and despite his belief that romantic relationships often distracted people from pursuing God's will, his interest in her grew. He took advantage of opportunities to get to know her and her family better. They agreed that they were attracted to each other, but not being convinced of God's leading, they did not immediately pursue a serious relationship.

Leaving for Ecuador

While at Camp Wycliffe, Elliot practiced the skills necessary for writing down a language for the first time by working with a former missionary to the Quechua people. The missionary told him of the Waodani – also called the "Auca", the Quichua word for savage – a group of Ecuadorian indigenous people considered violent and dangerous to outsiders. Elliot remained unsure about whether to go to Ecuador or India until July. His parents and friends wondered if he might instead be more effective in youth ministry in the United States, but considering the home church "well-fed", he felt that international missions should take precedence.

After the completion of his linguistic studies, Elliot applied for a passport and began to make plans with his friend Bill Cathers to leave for Ecuador. However, two months later Cathers informed him that he planned to marry, making it impossible for him to accompany Elliot as they had planned. Instead, Elliot spent the winter and spring of 1951 working with his friend Ed McCully in Chester, Illinois, running a radio program, preaching in prisons, holding evangelistic rallies, and teaching Sunday School.

McCully married later that summer, forcing Elliot to look elsewhere for an unmarried man with whom he could begin working in Ecuador. That man turned out to be Pete Fleming, a graduate of the University of Washington with a degree in philosophy. He corresponded frequently with Elliot, and by September he was convinced of his calling to Ecuador. In the meantime, Elliot visited friends on the east coast, including Elisabeth. In his journal he expressed hope that they would be able to be married, but at the same time felt that he was called to go to Ecuador without her. Elliot returned to Portland in November and began to prepare to leave the country.

Ecuador

Elliot and Fleming arrived in Ecuador on February 21, 1952, with the purpose of evangelizing Ecuador's Waodani Indians. They first stayed in Quito studying Spanish, and then moved to the jungle. They took up permanent residence at the Shandia mission station. On October 8, 1953, he married fellow Wheaton alumna and missionary Elisabeth Howard. The wedding was a simple civil ceremony held in Quito. Ed and Marilou McCully were the witnesses. The couple then took a brief honeymoon to Panama and Costa Rica, then returned to Ecuador. Their only child, Valerie, was born February 27, 1955. While working with Quechua Indians, Elliot began preparing to reach the Waodani.

He and four other missionaries, Ed McCully, Roger Youderian, Pete Fleming, and their pilot, Nate Saint, made contact from their airplane with the Waodani Indians using a loudspeaker and a basket to pass down gifts. After several months, the men decided to build a base a short distance from the Indian village, along the Curaray River. There they were approached one time by a small group of Waodanis and even gave an airplane ride to one curious Waodani whom they called "George" (his real name was Naenkiwi). Encouraged by these friendly encounters, they began plans to visit the Waodanis, without knowing that Naenkiwi had lied to the others about the missionaries' intentions. Their plans were preempted by the arrival of a larger group of about 10 Waodani warriors, who killed Elliot and his four companions on January 8, 1956. Elliot's body was found downstream, along with those of the other men, except that of Ed McCully which was found further downstream.

His journal entry for October 28, 1949, expresses his belief that missions work was more important than his life. "He is no fool who gives what he cannot keep to gain that which he cannot lose." This is the quote that is most often attributed to Elliot, but apparently it is very close to the English nonconformist preacher Philip Henry (1631–1696) who said "He is no fool who parts with that which he cannot keep, when he is sure to be recompensed with that which he cannot lose".

Legacy

''Life Magazine'' published a ten-page article on Elliot's and his friends' mission and deaths. After her husband's death, Elisabeth Elliot and other missionaries began working among the Auca Indians, where they continued evangelical work. She later published two books, ''Shadow of the Almighty: The Life and Testament of Jim Elliot'' and ''Through Gates of Splendor'', which describe the life and death of her husband. In 1991, the Jim Elliot Christian School was created in Denver, Colorado. In 1997 the Jim Elliot Christian High School was founded in Lodi, California.

In 2002, a documentary based on the story was released entitled ''Beyond the Gates of Splendor''. In 2003, a musical based on the story of Jim and Elisabeth Elliot, entitled ''Love Above All'', was staged at the Victoria Concert Hall in Singapore by Mount Carmel Bible-Presbyterian Church. This musical was staged a second time in 2007 at the NUS University Cultural Centre. In 2006, a theatrical movie was released ''End of the Spear'', based on the story of the pilot, Nate Saint, and the return trip of Saint's son attempting to reach the natives of Ecuador.

References

Videography

''Beyond Gates of Splendor'' (2004 Feature Film)

''Torchlighters: The Jim Elliot Story'' (2005 Animation)

''End of the Spear'' (2006 Feature Film)

''Steve Saint: The Jungle Missionary'' (2007 Documentary)

Notes

External links

"He is no fool" quote at the Billy Graham Center

Sermons

Feeding of the Five Thousand (33 minutes)

Resurrection (41 minutes)

Category:American Christian missionaries Category:People from Portland, Oregon Category:American Plymouth Brethren Category:American people murdered abroad Category:People murdered in Ecuador Category:1927 births Category:1956 deaths Category:Christian missionaries in Ecuador Category:Translators of the Bible into indigenous languages of the Americas Category:Operation Auca Category:Wheaton College (Illinois) alumni Category:Murdered missionaries Category:20th-century Protestant martyrs

de:Jim Elliot es:Jim Elliot fr:Jim Elliot ko:제임스 엘리어트 hu:Jim Elliot nl:Jim Elliot war:Jim Elliot